Matching of Unknown Video Content To Protected Video Content

ABSTRACT

A system that stores plural reference measures, each reference measure corresponding to measured transitions of one or more video objects of plural successive pictures corresponding to a video scene, receives first and second measures of plural successive pictures corresponding to a first video scene received from a remote device, the first and second measures corresponding to measured transitions of a video object of the first video scene, compares the first and second measures with the stored plural reference measures, and indicates to the remote device whether a threshold percentage match exists between the first and second measures and one of the stored plural reference pictures.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to copending and commonly assigned U.Sutility patent applications entitled “Video Fingerprint Systems andMethods,” having docket number CPOL 955109 and accorded Ser. No. ______,and “Generating Measures of Video Sequences to Detect Unauthorized Use,”having docket number CPOL 959272 and accorded Ser. No. ______, both ofwhich are filed on the same date as the present application and both ofwhich are entirely incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is generally related to video, and, moreparticularly, is related to systems and methods for identifying unlawfuluse of protected video content.

BACKGROUND

Currently across the Internet, video files are copied every day anduploaded to web-sites like YouTube, Google, etc. The amount of suchvideo sharing sites is growing substantially, furthering the risk ofviolation of digital rights (e.g., copyright) pertaining to the videoclips. Organizations like the Motion Picture Association, Major LeagueBaseball, or any entity or person that owns the rights to video contenthas an interest in protecting those rights. In addition, video sharingsites may also seek to be more compliant as the restrictions for serviceproviders become more significant to offering non-copyrighted material,especially if penalties for illegally distributing copyrighted materialbecome more onerous.

Techniques today include injecting a tag (e.g., watermarks) into a videostream, the tag providing an indication of the source of the video.However, tags can be cleansed, resulting in the proliferation of furthercopies of the video across web sites without the tag, providingobstacles to tracking by owners of the video. Further, other measurescan be used to circumvent such tags by, for instance, cropping portionsof the video, among other techniques.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Many aspects of the disclosure can be better understood with referenceto the following drawings. The components in the drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearlyillustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Moreover, in thedrawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding partsthroughout the several views.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that illustrates an example environment inwhich video fingerprint (VF) systems and methods can be implemented.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a device configured toderive a video fingerprint from a video sequence.

FIG. 2B is a flow diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a method forderiving a video fingerprint.

FIGS. 3A-3C are schematic diagrams that illustrate an example of variousobjects that exhibit measurable transitions within a video sequence.

FIGS. 4A-4C are schematic diagrams that illustrate another example ofvarious objects that exhibit measurable transitions within a videosequence.

FIG. 5A is a block diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a deviceconfigured to generate and store reference video fingerprints andevaluate whether a video fingerprint matches a stored reference videofingerprint.

FIG. 5B is a flow diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a method forevaluating whether a video fingerprint matches a stored reference videofingerprint.

FIG. 5C is a flow diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a method forgenerating and storing a reference video fingerprint.

FIG. 5D is a flow diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a method forgenerating video fingerprints for different versions of a video sequencehaving similar temporal spans.

FIG. 5E is a flow diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a method forgenerating video fingerprints for different versions of a video sequencehaving different temporal spans.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram that illustrates a method embodiment forgenerating a video fingerprint.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram that illustrates another method embodiment forgenerating a video fingerprint.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram that illustrates a method embodiment formatching unknown video content with protected video content.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Overview

In one embodiment, a system that stores plural reference measures, eachreference measure corresponding to measured transitions of one or morevideo objects of plural successive pictures corresponding to a videoscene, receives first and second measures of plural successive picturescorresponding to a first video scene received from a remote device, thefirst and second measures corresponding to measured transitions of avideo object of the first video scene, compares the first and secondmeasures with the stored plural reference measures, and indicates to theremote device whether a threshold percentage match exists between thefirst and second measures and one of the stored plural referencepictures.

Example Embodiments

Disclosed herein are various embodiments of video fingerprint systemsand methods (herein, collectively referred to also as video fingerprint(VF) systems and methods). Such VF systems enable certain entitiesresponsible for the storage and/or provision of video files acrossnetworks to monitor the transfer of video files and identify violationsof digital rights or otherwise unlawful use of protected content.

A video fingerprint (also referred to herein as a measure or signatureor identification information) uniquely characterizes a video sequence(plural pictures or frames) from a movie (e.g., broadcast, on-demand,etc.) or program (e.g., sports program, news program, documentary,sitcom, etc.) or other video content based on one or more objecttransitions. In one embodiment, video fingerprints are derived on ascene-by scene basis (hence characterizing object transitions for eachscene), though in some embodiments not necessarily derived for everyscene (video scene, including plural successive pictures, includingfirst and second pictures where the second picture follows the firstpicture in display order) of a movie or program. Further, the videofingerprint may encompass object transitions that last for less than anentire scene (yet persist for a predetermined threshold, as explainedbelow). Herein, a video sequence that spans less than or equal to anentire scene is also referred to as a video snippet. A single videofingerprint may be derived from transitions pertaining to a singleobject (e.g., visual object) for a video snippet, or from multipleobject transitions for a video snippet. Although a single videofingerprint may be derived per scene, in some embodiments, multiplevideo fingerprints may be derived per scene (e.g., in instances wherevideo fingerprints are derived on a per object transition, per scenebasis, and multiple video fingerprints are derived, such as to validateor bolster certainty of the video fingerprints). In one embodiment, avideo fingerprint is embodied as an equation that represents a measureof one or more object transitions. In other words, a video fingerprintconveys quantifiable information about object transitions. In someembodiments, a video fingerprint may be embodied in other forms, such asa data structure, numerical value, etc. Object transitions are definedover an interval of time, where the interval of time includes absolutetime or relative time (e.g., differences in presentation time stamps(PTS), differences in counter value, time relative to scene changes,time relative to commencement of transitions for a particular object,etc.), as well as a time duration as measured by the passing of picturesor frames or fields. Object transitions include quantifiable changes inobject features over time, such as changes in shape, color, hue, size,etc. Object transitions also include quantifiable changes in movement ormotion of an object, such as motion relative to identified objectsand/or picture boundaries.

Having described some of the terminology used in the present disclosure,an example implementation that can benefit from VF systems as disclosedherein is described below. For instance, users may upload all or part ofa copyrighted video to an Internet website for unlawful sale and/ordistribution to other users. When received by the video file sharingserver for uploading to the website, the video file sharing server maybe configured with VF system logic that derives or generates one or morevideo fingerprints of the video sequence. Once derived, the videofingerprints can be forwarded to a video fingerprint repository systemthat comprises one or more data structures (e.g., database of records)of reference video fingerprints extracted from known, protected (e.g.,copyrighted) video content. The forwarded video fingerprints arecompared to the stored reference video fingerprints, and if a match isfound between the video fingerprint(s) derived by the video file sharingserver and the reference video fingerprints stored in the database, acommunication may be sent back to the video file sharing server alertingthe associated service provider of the match so that appropriatemeasures may be taken, such as to avoid penalties for enabling theunlawful distribution or sale of such protected content. Otherimplementations and variations of the above are contemplated, and theexample above merely serves to provide an illustration of how VF systemsand methods can benefit video file sharing environments.

In the description that follows, an example environment (e.g., FIG. 1)in which VF systems may be employed is described as well as embodimentsof devices (e.g., FIGS. 2A and 5A) that employ one or more componentsand methods (e.g., FIGS. 2B, 5B-5E, 6 and 7) of VF systems.Illustrations of some types of object transitions that can be measuredare shown in, and described in association with, FIGS. 3A-4C. It shouldbe understood that, although certain embodiments are described in thecontext of the example environment shown in FIG. 1, other environmentsthat share, transfer, process, and/or distribute video files arecontemplated to be within the scope of the embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example environment, a communicationnetwork 100, in which video fingerprint (VF) systems and methods can beimplemented. The communication network 100 may include a plurality ofindividual networks, such as a wireless network and/or a wired network.The communication network 100 includes a plurality of client devices102, 104, 106, and 116 (e.g., wired and/or wireless devices, such ascellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), computer devices orsystems such as laptops, personal computers, set-top terminals,televisions with communication capabilities, DVD/CD recorders, etc.,)that are in communication with one or more client servers, such asclient servers 108 or 112. The client servers 108 and 112 are coupled toa network, such as a wide area network (WAN) 110, which in oneembodiment comprises the Internet. Other networks are contemplated to bewithin the scope of the disclosure, including networks that use packetsincorporated with other transport protocols or standards. The clientservers 108 and 112 may also comprise, or be in local communicationwith, one or more storage devices, such as shown with client device 112and corresponding storage device 114. Communication between the clientserver 108 and the client devices 102, 104, 106 (and likewise, clientserver 112 and client device 116) may be via wireless or wiredconnections, including by way of non-limiting example Ethernet, tokenring, private or proprietary networks, among others. A video filesharing system (denoted in FIG. 1 as FS system) 130 and videofingerprint repository (VFR) system 200 are also included incommunication network 100, each coupled to the network 110. The videofile sharing system 130 comprises one or more servers 118 and one ormore storage devices 120 configured to receive and store video content(e.g., for uploading to web-sites). The VFR system 200 comprises one ormore servers 122 and one or more storage devices 124, the storage device124 configured to store data structures (e.g., a database of records)corresponding to reference video fingerprints associated with known,protected video content.

Client servers 108 and 112 may comprise a server in an Internet ServiceProvider (ISP) facility, a private server, a gateway, and/or otherdevices or facilities used for communication of video files (among othercontent, such as data, audio, etc.). One having ordinary skill in theart should understand that additional client servers and client devicesand other devices, such as routers, bridges, etc., may be employed inthe communication network 100. Communication of Internet Protocol (IP)packets between the client devices 102, 104, 106, 116, the respectiveclient servers 108 and 112, and system servers 122 and 118 may beimplemented according to one or more of a plurality of differentprotocols, such as user datagram protocol (UDP)/IP, transmission controlprotocol (TCP)/IP, among others.

The system server 118 of the video file sharing system 130 compriseslogic (e.g., one or more modules of code, hardware, or a combination ofboth) that analyzes video sequences (e.g., comprising one or more videosnippets) received from the client servers 108 and 112 and derives(generates) one or more video fingerprints (including derivinginformation corresponding to one or more measured transitions) forcomparison with reference video fingerprints stored in the VFR system200. In some embodiments, functionality of the logic for analyzing videosequences and generating video fingerprints can reside elsewhere in thenetwork 100 (in place of or in addition to residing in the system server118), such as at client servers 108 and 112.

As explained above, the VFR system 200 comprises a server 122 coupled toa storage device or repository 124. The server 122 comprises logic(e.g., one or more modules of code, hardware, or a combination of both)configured to evaluate whether video fingerprints received from thesystem server 118 match reference video fingerprints (e.g., based onknown protected content) stored in the storage device 124. In addition,the system server 122 comprises logic configured to derive (generate)reference video fingerprints for storage in the storage device 124. Itshould be understood that storage and data structures corresponding tothe storage device 124 may be an external storage devices or, in someembodiments, be physically incorporated into the server 122, or in someembodiments, distributed throughout the network (e.g., mirrored at thefile sharing system 130). Further, it should be understood that in someembodiments, functionality residing in the system server 122 may residein the system server 118 of the video file sharing system 130 (orelsewhere), whereby evaluation may be implemented, for instance, localto the provider of the file sharing capabilities. Although shown using asingle server 122, the VFR system 200 may comprise in some embodimentsone or more server devices (e.g., mainframe, personal computer, gateway,etc.) and/or one or more additional repositories 124.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an embodiment of the video file sharingsystem 130 shown in FIG. 1, which includes the system server 118 andstorage device 120. Generally, in terms of hardware architecture, thesystem server 118 includes a processing device 204, input/output (I/O)devices 206, network interface 208, and memory 210, each of which iscommunicatively coupled via a local interface 218. The network interface208 includes devices that communicate both inputs and outputs, forinstance but not limited to, a modulator/demodulator (modem foraccessing another device, system, or network), a radio frequency (RF)transceiver or other type of transceiver, a telephonic interface, abridge, a router, etc.

The I/O devices 206 may include input devices, for example but notlimited to, a keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, etc. Furthermore,the I/O devices 206 may also include output devices, for example but notlimited to, a printer, display, etc.

The local interface 218 can be, for example but not limited to, one ormore buses or other wired or wireless connections, as is known in theart. The local interface 218 may have additional elements, which areomitted for simplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers,repeaters, and receivers, to enable communications. Further, the localinterface 218 may include address, control, and/or data connections toenable appropriate communications among the aforementioned components.The video file sharing system 130 is further configured with the storagedevice 120 coupled to the local interface 218, the storage device 120configured to store video content uploaded by the client servers 108 and112. Although one storage device 120 is shown, there may be pluralstorage devices in some embodiments.

The processing device 204 is a hardware device for executing software,particularly that which is stored in memory 210. The processing device204 can be any custom made or commercially available processor, acentral processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among severalprocessors associated with the system server 118, a semiconductor-basedmicroprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), amacroprocessor, or generally any device for executing softwareinstructions.

The memory 210 can include any one or combination of volatile memoryelements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM,etc.)) and nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape,CDROM, etc.). Moreover, the memory 210 may incorporate electronic,magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. Note that thememory 210 can have a distributed architecture, where various componentsare situated remotely from one another, which can be accessed by theprocessing device 204.

The software in memory 210 may include one or more separate programs,each of which comprises an ordered listing of executable instructionsfor implementing logical functions. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A,the software in the memory 210 includes a suitable operating system(O/S) 212 and an analysis module 214. The operating system 212essentially controls the execution of other computer programs, such asthe analysis module 214, and provides scheduling, input-output control,file and data management, memory management, and communication controland related services.

Functionality of the analysis module 214 may be implemented using asingle module, or distributed among a plurality of modules. The analysismodule 214 comprises functionality to receive and analyze decompressedvideo sequences (e.g., decompression performed in one embodiment bydecompression functionality (e.g., MPEG, H.264, etc.) incorporated inthe processing device 204 or by a separate decoder (not shown), or insome embodiments, the analysis module may incorporate decompressionfunctionality), and derive video fingerprints from one or more objecttransitions in the received video sequences for transmission to the VFRsystem 200 to be compared to reference video fingerprints.

When the analysis module 214 is in operation, the processing device 204is configured to execute software stored within the memory 210, tocommunicate data to and from the memory 210, and to generally controloperations of the analysis module 214 pursuant to the software. Theanalysis module 214 and the O/S 212, in whole or in part, but typicallythe latter, are read by the processing device 204, perhaps bufferedwithin the processing device 204, and then executed.

Having described an embodiment of a video file sharing system 130 andassociated components, attention is directed to FIG. 2B, which is a flowdiagram that illustrates an example analysis method (denoted withreference numeral 214 a) implemented in one embodiment by the analysismodule 214 in cooperation with other components of the system server118, such as the network interface 208 and processing device 204. Theanalysis method 214 a receives a video sequence (220). For instance, auser may nefariously record via a client device (e.g., a DVD recorder) apay-per-view event and through known mechanisms (e.g., browser software)upload the recording to the client server 108, which then uploads thecontent to the video file sharing system 130 (or in someimplementations, uploading may occur directly from the client device tothe file sharing system 130).

The analysis method 214 a identifies or detects one or more objects(visual objects) with a scene (222). Various mechanisms are well-known(e.g., from computer vision arts, medical imaging arts, etc.) foridentifying objects, such as defining bounding boxes, finding closedborders, finding connected objects, segmenting the object defined by thebounding box, orienting the object to the principle axis with respect tothe origin, determining the object dimensions with respect to thepicture dimensions (e.g., the picture dimensions provided in the videostream, such as a picture header in MPEG-2 or sequence or pictureparameter set of AVC), computing invariant shape descriptors (e.g.,Fourier descriptors) and centroids (and/or the first and secondprinciple axes) and the corresponding intersection of the centroid(and/or axes), performing edge detection (e.g., Canny edge detector,among other well-known edge detection mechanisms), etc. One or more ofthese well-known methods can be implemented by the analysis method 214 a(or in some embodiments, implemented in cooperation with other dedicatedlogic) to identify one or more objects. Note that in one embodiment,feature identification is part of the object identification in (222).Features such as object shape, color, hue, shading, size, etc. maychange over a span of a scene (or less than a scene), and accordinglythe corresponding object is worthy of tracking within a scene.

The analysis method 214 a further comprises tracking the one or moreobjects within the scene (224). For instance, the objects can be trackedby their centroids or invariant shape descriptors, though not limited tothese parameters (e.g., tracking can be based on these and/or otherfeatures or parameters of an object). The analysis method 214 a tracksobjects over a window of time defined by, for instance, number offrames, picture relative time (e.g., ΔPTS), or at defined timeincrements. The window of time may correspond to an entire scene or lessthan the entire scene. In one embodiment, the analysis method 214 atracks the video sequence on a scene-by-scene basis, the change in scenedetected using well-known mechanisms (e.g., in conjunction with thedisappearance of all objects, fade or slide effects, absence ofcorrelation between pictures, etc.). In some embodiments, class objectscan be graded or ranked throughout the tracking process. For instance,each time a new object persists in a scene for more than a definedwindow of time (e.g., 3-5 seconds), the object is upgraded as ahigher-level class object within the current scene and is coupled to orcorrelated with objects that have already been identified.

Note that in some embodiments, a limiting filter may be applied by theanalysis method 214 a, such as to limit the tracking exclusively tomoving objects versus stationary objects and hence limit the number ofobjects to track. In some embodiments, global motion techniques may beused to separate camera panning from object motion.

The analysis method 214 a further comprises measuring object transitionsto derive a video fingerprint (226). The analysis method 214 a mayfilter out some objects that are less robust to detection-circumventiontechniques. In one embodiment, objects are ranked by the analysis method214 a according to their robustness to detection-circumventiontechniques, or based on other criteria (e.g., ease of tracking,certainty or confidence in measurement, etc.). For instance, an objectthat has tracked along or near the periphery of a picture may be oflower priority (e.g., versus an object located at or near the center ofthe picture) in view of the relative ease at which border objects may becropped (e.g., to avoid detection of protected content). Accordingly,some objects may be excluded from object transition measurement byvirtue of the object having a lower priority than a predeterminedpriority rank or value. As another example, the analysis method 214 aselects for measurement object transitions associated with objects thatappear for at least a defined threshold of time or number of frames (orsaid differently, excludes from measurement transitions corresponding tovisual objects that appear for less than a predetermined window oftime). In another example, object transitions may be measuredexclusively using I pictures (e.g., objects persisting among a pluralityof I pictures) in view of their higher fidelity and extended propagationof information maintained regardless of the degradation of the image. Ingeneral, n out of m objects (where n<m) may be selected for measurementof associated transitions, where n identified objects all possess aconfidence measure of greater than a predefined value, K.

As explained above, a video fingerprint may comprise an equation (or insome embodiments, a data structure or value representing the equation ordata structure) that represents one or more object transitions (or morespecifically, represents information corresponding to measured objecttransitions), the equation conveying information like whether the objectis moving up, down, left, or right, whether the object is increasing ordecreasing in size, the transition duration (e.g., in absolute orrelative time, number of frames, etc.). In other words, the equation isformulated to define the (measured) transitions of the object (e.g.,transitions in features) over a defined window of time. In someimplementations, the object transitions may not be represented by afinite equation, but rather, by an equation representing patterns with alevel of deviation.

The measurement of object transitions comprises first (1^(st)) orderfunctions of ΔT (change in time), and hence can be considered withoutrelevance to absolute locations in a video clip (making the process ofmatching, described below, more robust, for example, to bogus frame orpicture injection). Note however that in some embodiments the absolutelocations may be relevant to the video fingerprint as well. In someembodiments, second (2^(nd)) order measurements (e.g., acceleration ofan object or objects within a scene) can be implemented by the analysismethod 214 a. Such second order measurements provide differences betweenfirst order measurements, making the VF system more robust to hackersand other unscrupulous characters.

Note that the object transitions from which a video fingerprint isderived can be measured based on the entire scene or a video snippethaving a duration less than the entire scene (e.g., 1-2 seconds). Forinstance, video fingerprints can be derived upon object transitionsmeeting or exceeding a defined time window referenced from a scenetransition or transition commencement if not at the start of the scenechange, or in terms of ΔPTS, or number of frames, and/or meeting orexceeding a defined percentage transition (change) in features and/ormotion, and then a new video fingerprint is created for the next videosnippet corresponding to the next sequential scene (whether lasting anentire scene or a portion thereof). Stated differently, some objecttransitions may be excluded from measurement in view of the fact thatthe object may not have persisted (e.g., the object may have appearedmomentarily) a defined or predetermined threshold time or number offrames. In one embodiment, each video snippet is associated with variousparameters or keys, such as a unique identifier pertaining to a movie orprogram (or other content instance), a scene number, and/or a sequencenumber pertaining to the order of the video snippet within a movie orprogram. Such parameters or keys may be incorporated into the videofingerprint, or associated with the fingerprint in known manner (e.g.,using pointers or other types of reference mechanisms).

The analysis method 214 a determines whether there are more scenesremaining to the received video sequence (228), and if so, repeats theprocessing starting at (222); otherwise, the analysis method 214 aforwards the video fingerprint (or video fingerprints if the process isrepeated for more scenes) to the VFR system 200 for comparison toreference video fingerprints stored therein (230).

Subsequently, the analysis method 214 a receives an indication (from theVFR system 200) of whether there is a match between the videofingerprints derived by the analysis method 214 a and reference videofingerprints stored at the VFR system 200. In some embodiments, theabsence of an indication is understood by the analysis method 214 a tomean that there is not a match of video fingerprints (e.g., no protectedcontent corresponding to the video fingerprint sent to the VFR system200). The indication that there is protected content may be viatransmission of a set bit or flag, among other mechanisms to conveyinformation well-known to one having ordinary skill in the art.

Note that in some embodiments, reference video fingerprints may bemirrored (e.g., copies downloaded from a central storage) to storage 120or memory local to system server 118 of the file sharing system 130,enabling local evaluation (when equipped with evaluation logic,explained further below) of whether there is a match or not.

In some embodiments, additional processing may be imposed on the objectsprior to measurement. For instance, all objects may be normalized to adefined picture resolution.

Attention is directed to FIGS. 3A-4C, which are schematic diagrams thatconceptually illustrate object transitions that may be measured orfingerprinted. FIG. 3A shows a display 302 (e.g., computer monitor, TVscreen, etc.) with an image of an object 304 (e.g., a ball) relative toanother object 306 (e.g., a window frame), the window frame comprisingfour quadrants (e.g., top-left, top-right, bottom-left, bottom-right)corresponding to four panes of glass 308. The ball 304 is seen throughthe window pane corresponding to the top-left quadrant. FIG. 3B showsthat the ball 304 has advanced closer to the window frame 306, asrepresented by the ball 304 at the intersection of the window frame 306and the larger perceived size of the ball. FIG. 3C shows that the ball304 has crashed through the window pane in the lower-right handquadrant, as represented by the broken glass section 310 and the ballsurrounded by the remaining glass in the section 310. From the scenerevealed through FIGS. 3A-3C, it is noted that the analysis method 214 acan measure various object transitions, such as the motion of the ball304 as it translates across the scene (e.g., relative to pictureboundaries), as well as motion of the ball relative to the window frame(another object). In other words, the measurement of spatial offsetsfrom picture boundaries and other objects, from a start to an end (withrespect to time or number of frames) comprises some of the measurableobject transitions in this example shown in FIGS. 3A-3C. Note that inthe process of measurement at the scene start (FIG. 3A) and scene end(FIG. 3C), intervals in between are also defined by equation (e.g., thetrajectory characterized, for instance, as a slope or vector, ormeasurements are taken at plural defined increments throughout thescene) such that video snippets less than an entire scene may be matchedlater regardless of the techniques used to circumvent the detectionprocess, as described below. In addition, the size of the ball 304“expands” (providing the perception of advancing proximity the windowframe 306), and hence beginning and ending area of the ball can also bemeasured over the span of the scene. Another transition pertains to thedirection of the ball, also a quantifiable transition. Note that theillustrations of FIGS. 3A-3C are merely a simplification forunderstanding the concepts of the VF systems (e.g., a ball translatingfrom one quadrant of a screen to another may involve hundreds ofpictures).

Note that various attempts to circumvent the protected content detectionmechanisms of the VF systems disclosed herein face difficult challenges.For instance, if the first frame represented in FIG. 3A is culled ordropped from the sequence (or every other frame, for instance), themissing frame will not circumvent detection since time stamps stillreflect the relative motion within the scene, as do slopes, vectors, orother measures embodied in the equation and/or comparisons in thematching process to measurements taken during plural time incrementswithin the scene that evade a culling process. In other words, in MPEG-2video, for instance, time stamps are retained despite the dropping ofpictures. Further, in view of the retained direction (vector) of theball despite the dropped picture, and in view of the same post-droppedpicture-to-ending spatial offsets (e.g., spatial coefficients) withrespect to picture dimensions and relative to other objects and the samepost-dropped picture-to-ending dimensions of the ball, a thresholdpercentage match is attainable. Further, the analysis method 214 a isimmune to deliberately-imposed picture scale changes in view of themeasurement of relative motion or scale change. For instance, picturescale changes result in a proportional changes to the object, and hencerelative changes in the size of the ball 304 will proportionally changewith a picture scale change. As another example, given the measurementof distance of the object relative to picture dimensions, if a videosequence is originally formatted according to high definition (HD), andis subsequently transcoded to standard definition (SD), transitions ofthe object (e.g., the object dimensions defined by width, height ofobject) relative to the changed picture dimensions should beproportionate, and hence such attempts (transcoding) to circumvent theVF system should fail. Second order measurements, such as accelerationof the ball may also be taken to add certainty to the first ordermeasurements.

FIGS. 4A-4C conceptually illustrate the relative motion between twoobjects in a display 402, namely that of a cloud 406 moving further fromthe sun 404 as the frames advance. Once again, spatial offsets during atime corresponding to the duration of all or part of a scene aremeasured with respect to picture dimensions and objects. Further, secondorder measurements may also be taken.

Having described an example architecture and functionality of anembodiment of a file sharing system 130 equipped with an analysis module214, attention is directed to the VFR system 200 as shown in FIG. 5A.The VFR system 200 comprises a processing device 504, memory 510(comprising an O/S 512), I/O device 506, and network interface 508coupled to one another via a local interface 518. These components 504,510, 512, 506, 508, and 518 are similar to the components of the samelabel having reference numerals 204, 210, 212, 216, 218, and 218 shownin FIG. 2A (and hence operate with the same or similar functionality),and hence discussion of the same is omitted here for brevity. The memory510 further comprises an evaluator module 514 and a fingerprinter module516.

In addition, the VFR system 200 further comprises a reference videofingerprint repository (or storage device)124 that is configured tostore reference video fingerprints (e.g., refvideo fp. 1, refvideo fp.2, . . . refvideo fp. N) as records or other data structures in adatabase 519, among other information as described further below.Although one reference video fingerprint repository 124 is shown, insome embodiments, a plurality of reference video fingerprintrepositories may be implemented. In some embodiments, the correspondingvideo content (or a reference to the same) from which the referencevideo fingerprint is derived may also be stored in the database 519 oras part of a separate database or storage device that facilitatesreference to the corresponding reference video fingerprint(s). Asexplained above, in some embodiments, the video file sharing system 130can be equipped with this additional logic (e.g., evaluator module 514,fingerprinter module 516, reference video fingerprint repository 124) toenable, for instance, local evaluation and/or reference videofingerprinting and storage.

The evaluator module 514 is configured in one embodiment to implement amethod, denoted evaluator method 514 a and shown in FIG. 5B, todetermine whether there is a match between the video fingerprint(s)(e.g., unknown content) received from the video file sharing system 130and a stored reference video fingerprint(s) (known protected content).The evaluator method 514 a may be performed off-line (time-delayed, forinstance at a delayed time pre-upload to a web-site or afterwards),in-line (e.g., real-time), or a combination of both. As shown in FIG.5B, the evaluator method 514 a receives a video fingerprint or videofingerprints (520). For instance, the evaluator method 514 a receivesthe video fingerprints from the file sharing system 130. The evaluatormethod 514 a accesses the database 519 (e.g., of reference videofingerprints) of the video fingerprint repository 124 (522). Althoughdescribed as a database, it should be understood that other datastructures can be used in addition to, or in lieu of, the database insome embodiments. Further, though described as a single database, itshould be understood in the context of the present disclosure thatplural databases may be used.

In one embodiment, the database 519 is configured with a set of keys(not shown in FIG. 5A) that may be used as an index or shortcut to thestored reference video fingerprints. Such keys may be parameters of thevideo sequence (e.g. movie identifier, scene number, etc.) that areinitially stored in the data repository 124 as part of thefingerprinting process (described below) and used to facilitate matching(during the evaluation process) of video fingerprints received by thevideo file sharing system 200. For instance, such keys may be receivedand parsed by the evaluator method 514 a (e.g., in 520), and used forcomparison to like keys residing in the database 519. For instance, avideo fingerprint received by the video file sharing system 200 mayembody one or more keys in the video fingerprint, or in someembodiments, be separate (e.g., not part of the equation) from the videofingerprint yet referenced to or associated with the video fingerprint.Such keys can be parsed at the VFR system 200 and matched to keys in thedatabase 519 to facilitate the matching of received video fingerprintswith reference video fingerprints stored in the database 519. The keysmay further comprise subcategory indexes that include one or more of thefollowing:

Range of objects found;

Spatial coefficients (dimensionality between objects (start));

Spatial coefficients (dimensionality between objects (end));

Area of total objects (start);

Area of total objects (end);

Snippet (video sequence) time length; and

Time stamps.

Additional information included in the same or different data structure(e.g., table) of the database 519 includes one or more of the following:

Reference video fingerprint in the format of an equation or datastructure (e.g., the equation or data structure representing aquantifiable object relationship to all other objects identified withina scene over a period of time);

Percentage increase (scale) of the object;

Percentage decrease (scale) of the object;

An indication of whether the object disappears; and

An indication of whether the objects has a duration (is present) over adefined time or event (number of frames) window.

Note that such keys may be combined (or in some embodiments, omitted),such as for example a key comprising “% increase—start-size-end size”that, when indexed in the database 519, returns an array of matchescorresponding to the combined key. It should be understood that otherdatabase configurations and search/match mechanisms well known to thosehaving ordinary skill in the art are contemplated to be within the scopeof the embodiments.

The evaluator method 514 a determines whether the received videofingerprint(s) comprise a match to the reference video fingerprintsstored in the database 519 (524). Since attempts to circumvent thedetection mechanisms employed by the VF systems disclosed herein mayalter or omit certain frames of a video sequence, the match may be basedon anywhere from a total match (100%) to some defined thresholdpercentage (less than 100%) match between video fingerprints. Forinstance, the reference and received video fingerprints may differ inthe number of objects detected in a cropped image, though the spatialoffsets between the objects remain the same and objects that are notcropped remain the same and possess the same transition attributes. Inaddition, with regard to scaling of the video to attempt to avoiddetection mechanisms, the objects may be of smaller (or larger) size,but the relative distance should remain the same. That is, theindividual movements of objects through a scene should be identical(e.g., directionality, increase/decrease in size, etc.). Likewise,additions of unrelated video or deletions of segments of a scene shouldnot interfere with the matching process (524), since not all of a sceneneeds to match for the video fingerprint to be identified as protectedcontent. Further, a video sequence possessing several scenes undergoesthis matching process through the several scenes, hence enabling apercentage of matches to be ranked for the entire subset.

In short, the VF systems disclosed herein take advantage of the factthat the objects in a scene follow the same transitions or pathregardless of when observation or monitoring of the scene is initiated.By analogy, the matching process performed by the evaluator method 514 acan be likened to a map of destinations versus direct matching (thoughdirect matching may occur in some implementations), similar to howsomeone would drive to Florida from Illinois—it does not matter iftracking is commenced in Kentucky and is terminated in Atlanta, sincethe same travel stops are traversed. Similarly, it does not matter wherein a scene tracking is commenced, since some possible matches aredetected.

Note that spurious matches are addressed by the evaluator method 514 abased on the assumption of a sequential order to each scene. Asexplained above, each object within a scene is tracked in conjunctionwith other objects and their relative offsets. The evaluator method 514a operates under the assumption that when a match is found within aparticular time window, the percentage of certainty is raised when thefollowing video sequence exhibits a high probability of matching aswell. Such spurious match considerations can be implemented at (528).

Note that spurious match considerations can be mimicked in someimplementations. For instance, consider a case where a movie camera isfocused on a TV screen that is displaying a movie, and assume the “shot”fills the entire frame. Parts of the movie should match the actual movieexcept there should be different movement other than the surrounding TVscreen in the “shot.” Hence, the process (524) should enable matching orpartial matching of the movie within the movie.

Responsive to determining there is no match, the evaluator method 514 aoptionally provides a message to the device that sent the videofingerprint (e.g., the system server 118) that indicates or suggeststhat the video sequence does not contain protected content (526). Forinstance, the indication may be a text message such as “the transmittedvideo fingerprint(s) reveal no protected content,” or the message may bea flag that is set at a zero when there is no match, or the absence of aresponse from the evaluator method 514 a may imply or suggest to thesystem server 118 that no matches were found (and hence no protectedcontent revealed by the video fingerprint(s)). Other indicatingmechanisms well known to one having ordinary skill in the art arecontemplated to be within the scope of the disclosure.

Responsive to determining there is a match, the evaluator method 514 amay optionally perform a second matching to boost or validate thecertainty of the match (528). For instance, separate color channels maybe used in some embodiments to solidify or validate the match, such ason a Y-plane, U and V planes, and/or on RGB planes. In some embodiments,voice tracks can be used to validate the match. In some embodiments, theabsence of a match using these validating mechanisms (e.g., color and/orvoice) may be used to exclude content outright (from the match process)or as a mechanism to downgrade the certainty factor of the initialmatch. In alternative embodiments, the validating mechanisms may be usedas a preliminary culling factor before matching (524).

The evaluator method 514 a provides a message to the sending device(e.g., the system server 118) indicating or suggesting to the clientserver (e.g., the analysis module 214) that the evaluated videofingerprint corresponds to protected content (530). For instance, themessage may be in the format of as flag that is set, which represents orconveys to the system server 118 that protected content has beendetected. In some embodiments, the message may be in the format of textor other formats that conveys explicitly that protected content has beendetected.

Having described the analysis and evaluation features of embodiments ofa VF system, attention is directed to a reference video fingerprintingmethod that generates reference video fingerprints for storage in thereference video fingerprint repository 124. In particular, FIG. 5Cillustrates an embodiment of a reference video fingerprinting method,denoted method 516 a, and described below. In one embodiment, thereference video fingerprinting method 516 a is implemented by thefingerprinter module 516 of the VFR system 200, though not limited toimplementation by the fingerprinter module 516. For instance, in someembodiments, one or more of the functionality of the fingerprintermodule 516 may be implemented at other locations in the network 100. Insome embodiments, functionality of the fingerprinter module 516 may beimplemented at computing devices associated with content providers thatseek to upload video fingerprints (versus the VFR system 200 derivingthe fingerprints from video content or sequences provided by the contentprovider) to the VFR system 200. The process illustrated by thereference video fingerprinting method 516 a is similar to the analysismethod 514 a, and hence similar steps or logic in the process are notelaborated upon where described previously for the method 214 a.

As shown in FIG. 5C, the video fingerprinting method 516 a receives avideo sequence (531), such as from a provider of protected content. Thevideo fingerprinting method 516 a identifies one or more objects withina scene (532), tracks the one or more objects within the scene (534),and measures object transitions corresponding to one or more of thetracked objects to derive or generate one or more reference videofingerprints per scene (536).

Note that the object transitions from which a video fingerprint isderived can be based on the entire scene or a video snippet having aduration less than the entire scene (e.g., 1-2 seconds). For instance,video fingerprints can be derived upon an object or objects persistingfor a defined time window (ΔPTS, number of frames) and/or meeting orexceeding a defined percentage transition (change) in features and/ormotion, and then a new record for the video (e.g., based on detection ofa new scene) can be created in the database 519 for the next videosnippet. As explained above, each video snippet corresponding to theprotected content can be associated with various parameters or keys,such as a unique identifier pertaining to a movie or program (or othercontent instance), a scene number, and/or a sequence number pertainingto the order of the video snippet within the movie or program. Suchparameters can be used to determine sequential sustainability. Asexplained above, such keys can be parsed out by the fingerprinter module516 (or elsewhere) from the received reference video snippet and used asan index in the repository 124 to the associated video fingerprint.

If additional scenes (e.g., among a sequence of scenes of the same videowhich is the subject of the video fingerprinting) are present (538),then processing returns to (532) until no more scenes of the subjectvideo are present (538), after which the reference video fingerprintsare stored (with or without keys) in a database 519 residing in thereference video fingerprint repository 124.

In some embodiments, the VFR system 200 may modify the video sequence tomultiple sets or versions of reference video fingerprints. FIG. 5D is aflow diagram that illustrates such an embodiment of a videofingerprinting method, denoted as video fingerprinting method 516 b. Itshould be understood that, although described in the context of the VFRsystem 200, the techniques or process described below may be implementedelsewhere, such as in the analysis module 214. The video fingerprintingmethod 516 b comprises generating a first measure (e.g., first videofingerprint) for a first version of a video sequence having finitelength (541), dropping pictures to obtain a second version (e.g., secondversion different than first in number of pictures) of the videosequence of finite length (542), generating a second measure for thesecond version of the video sequence, the second measure having asimilar value to the first measure, wherein the temporal span of thefirst and second versions are substantially equal (544). Themeasurements are of similar value in view of the focus on relativity ofobject transitions. Note that the first and second measures are ofsimilar value if the evaluator method 514 a recognizes the first andsecond measures as a match (e.g., percentage match, versus an identicalmatch). Further, one example where the temporal spans are substantiallyequal is where the difference to a viewer is imperceptible.

FIG. 5E is a flow diagram that illustrates a method embodiment, denotedvideo fingerprinting method 516 c, where the temporal spans aredifferent. Accordingly, the video fingerprinting method 516 c comprisesgenerating a first measure for a first version of the video sequencehaving finite length (550), dropping pictures to obtain a second versionof the video sequence of finite length (e.g., the second version beingdifferent than the first version in number of pictures) (552),generating a second measure for the second version of the videosequence, the second measure having a similar value to the firstmeasure, wherein the temporal span of the first and second versions aredifferent (554).

For instance, the second version may start at a different time than thefirst version (e.g., start later than the first version), but end at thesame time as the first version. Alternatively, the second version mayhave the same start as the first version but a different end (e.g.,earlier than the first version) than the first version. Another exampleincludes where the temporal spans are different and the resolutions aredifferent (e.g., the second version having a smaller pictureresolution). For instance, due to the nonlinearity of video data, ascene may appear the same as in a degraded version of the video but theactual numerical representation may be different. Another exampleincludes the case of handling degraded versions, such as where thesecond version is obtained by decoding the compressed stream that givesrise to the first version and re-encoding the decoded pictures, and thenprocessing of the second version to obtain the video fingerprint (e.g.,a measure) that is equal to or approximately equal to the measure of thefirst version. One having ordinary skill in the art should understand,in the context of the present disclosure, that other alternatives forproviding different versions can be implemented, and hence arecontemplated to be within the scope of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the VF system disclosed herein can be implementedin conjunction with other methods, such as watermarking, encrypted tags,etc., where such tags or watermarks can be stored in the database 519for use in match processing (e.g., as either a primary function or stepin the match process, or as a secondary operation to validate theprimary process match).

Note that analysis, evaluation, fingerprint generation, and matchingdescribed as part of certain embodiments of the VF systems and methodscan be implemented in stages of interrogation or monitoring. Forinstance, a defined percentage of video content that arrives at thevideo file sharing system 130 can be analyzed, and if a predefinednumber of matches occur (e.g., indicating the unlawful use of protectedcontent), the percentage of video content subject to these methods maybe increased.

In view of the above disclosure, it should be appreciated that onemethod embodiment, denoted method 130 a and shown in FIG. 6, comprisestracking an object in a video scene (602) and deriving a videofingerprint for the scene based on one or more measured transitions ofthe object over a defined window of time (604).

In view of the above disclosure, it should be appreciated that anothermethod embodiment, denoted method 130 b and shown in FIG. 7, comprisesreceiving a video stream, wherein the video stream includes one or moresuccessive video scenes, wherein the one or more successive video scenesrespectively corresponds to one or more sets of visual information,wherein each of the one or more successive video scenes includes pluralsuccessive pictures, wherein a first visual object is included in afirst video scene, wherein the one or more successive video scenesincludes the first video scene (702), detecting the first visual objectover a first plurality of pictures of the first video scene (704),deriving information corresponding to one or more measured transitionsof the first visual object over the first plurality of pictures of thefirst video scene (706), and providing identification informationcorresponding to the derived information (708).

In view of the above disclosure, it should be appreciated that anothermethod embodiment, denoted method 200 a and shown in FIG. 8, comprisesstoring plural reference measures, each reference measure correspondingto measured transitions of one or more video objects of pluralsuccessive pictures corresponding to a video scene (802), receivingfirst and second measures of plural successive pictures corresponding toa first video scene received from a remote device, the first and secondmeasures corresponding to measured transitions of a video object of thefirst video scene (804), comparing the first and second measures withthe stored plural reference measures (806), and indicating to the remotedevice whether a threshold percentage match exists between the first andsecond measures and one of the stored plural reference pictures (808).Note that in some embodiments, comparing further includes determiningthe existence of a match based on a threshold percentage match less thanone hundred percent.

Note that in some embodiments, the VF systems and methods describedherein can be extended to processing of native video (e.g., from a videocamera, etc.), whereby a native video (compressed or uncompressed) orvideo characterized as a first representation is received, measurementstaken (e.g., on uncompressed or decompressed video), and a secondrepresentation is provided as a video stream (e.g., to another device).For instance, the second representation may embody the measurements, orthe video content and the measurements. In some embodiments, the secondrepresentation is in a compressed format.

The analysis module 214, evaluator module 514, and fingerprinter module516 and methods 214 a, 514 a, 516 a-516 c, 130 a, 130 b, and 200 a ofcertain embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. In embodimentswhere the analysis module 214, evaluator module 514, and fingerprintermodule 516 are implemented in software or firmware (collectively,software code or software logic or simply logic), such embodiments arestored in memory and executed by a suitable instruction executionsystem. When the analysis module 214, evaluator module 514, andfingerprinter module 516 are implemented in software, it should be notedthat the analysis module 214, evaluator module 514, and fingerprintermodule 516 can be stored on any computer readable medium for use by orin connection with any computer related system or method. In the contextof this document, a computer readable medium is an electronic, magnetic,optical, or other physical device or means that can contain or store acomputer program for use by or in connection with a computer relatedsystem or method. The analysis module 214, evaluator module 514, andfingerprinter module 516 can be embodied in any computer-readable mediumfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system,processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch theinstructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or deviceand execute the instructions.

In embodiments where the analysis module 214, evaluator module 514, andfingerprinter module 516 are implemented in hardware, the analysismodule 214, evaluator module 514, and fingerprinter module 516 can beimplemented with any or a combination of the following technologies,which are all well known in the art: a discrete logic circuit(s) havinglogic gates for implementing logic functions upon data signals, anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC) having appropriatecombinational logic gates, a programmable gate array(s) (PGA), a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), etc.

Any process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understoodas representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include oneor more executable instructions for implementing specific logicalfunctions or steps in the process, and alternate implementations areincluded within the scope of the present disclosure in which functionsmay be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, includingsubstantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on thefunctionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonablyskilled in the art. In some embodiments, steps of a process identifiedin FIGS. 2B and 5B-5E, 6, 7, and 8 using separate boxes can be combined.

In addition, though the various flow diagrams (e.g., shown in FIGS. 2B,5B-5E, 6, 7, and 8) are shown and described in the context of thearchitectures shown and described in FIGS. 2A and 5A, it should beunderstood that implementation of the methods described in FIGS. 2B,5B-5E, 6, 7, and 8 are not limited to those architectures, and that thesame devices or other processing devices possessing differentarchitectures configured to implement such methods are contemplated tobe within the scope of the disclosure.

It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of thepresent disclosure are merely possible examples of implementations,merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the VFsystems and methods. Many variations and modifications may be made tothe above-described embodiment(s) without departing substantially fromthe spirit and principles of the disclosure. All such modifications andvariations are intended to be included herein within the scope of thisdisclosure and protected by the following claims.

1. A system, comprising: a data structure configured to store pluralreference measures, each reference measure corresponding to measuredtransitions of one or more video objects of plural successive picturescorresponding to a video scene; a memory with logic stored therein; anda processor configured to execute the logic to: receive a first measureof plural successive pictures corresponding to a first video scenereceived from a remote device, the first measure corresponding tomeasured transitions of a video object of the first video scene; comparethe first measure with the stored plural reference measures; and providean indication to the remote device whether a match exists between thefirst measure and one of the stored plural reference pictures.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the data structure comprises a databaseindexed with keys that comprise video content parameters.
 3. The systemof claim 2, wherein the video content parameters comprise one or more ofa video content identifier and a scene number.
 4. The system of claim 2,wherein the keys include subcategory indexes within which the referencemeasures are categorized.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein thesubcategory indexes include one or more of a range of video objects. 6.The system of claim 4, wherein the subcategory indexes include one ormore of dimensionality between video objects at a time corresponding toa first measurement and dimensionality of video objects at a timecorresponding to a second measurement.
 7. The system of claim 4, whereinthe subcategory indexes include one or more of an area of video objectsat a time corresponding to a first measurement and an area of videoobjects at a time corresponding to a second measurement.
 8. The systemof claim 4, wherein the subcategory indexes include one or more of videosnippet time length, time stamps, an indication of whether the videoobject disappears, and an indication of whether the video object has aduration over a defined window of time or number of frames.
 9. Thesystem of claim 4, wherein the subcategory indexes include one or moreof percentage increase of the video object and a percentage decrease ofthe video object.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor isfurther configured to execute the logic to receive an identification ofone or more of the first video scene and video content the comprises thefirst video scene, the identification associating the first measure withthe one or more of the first video scene and the video content.
 11. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured toexecute the logic to determine the match exists when at least a definedthreshold percentage match exists.
 12. The system of claim 11, whereinthe defined threshold percentage match is less than one hundred percent.13. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configuredto execute the logic to provide an indication of a match based onreception of plural measures that include the first measure from pluralsuccessive video scenes that include the first video scene.
 14. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured toexecute the logic to determine there exists a match between pluralreference measures corresponding to plural successive reference videoscenes and the received plural measures when there is at least a definedthreshold percentage match.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein thedefined threshold percentage match is less than one hundred percent. 16.The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured toexecute the logic to determine the match exists based on validating afirst match, wherein the processor is further configured to execute thelogic to validate the first match based on a comparison between thefirst measure and the plural reference measures of one or more of colorplanes and voice tracks.
 17. The system of claim 1, wherein each of theplural reference measures include first and second measures, the firstmeasure corresponding to a first version of a video sequence and thesecond measure corresponding to the first version less a defined numberof pictures.
 18. A method, comprising: storing plural referencemeasures, each reference measure corresponding to measured transitionsof one or more video objects of plural successive pictures correspondingto a video scene; receiving first and second measures of pluralsuccessive pictures corresponding to a first video scene received from aremote device, the first and second measures corresponding to measuredtransitions of a video object of the first video scene; comparing thefirst and second measures with the stored plural reference measures; andindicating to the remote device whether a threshold percentage matchexists between the first and second measures and one of the storedplural reference pictures.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein comparingfurther comprises determining the existence of a match based on athreshold percentage match less than one hundred percent.
 20. A system,comprising: means for storing plural reference measures, each referencemeasure corresponding to measured transitions of one or more videoobjects of plural successive pictures corresponding to a video scene;means for receiving a first measure of plural successive picturescorresponding to a first video scene received from a remote device, thefirst measure corresponding to measured transitions of a video object ofthe first video scene; means for comparing the first measure with thestored plural reference measures; and means for indicating to the remotedevice whether a threshold percentage match of less than or equal to onehundred percent exists between the first measure and one of the storedplural reference pictures.